Makampani ojambula 7 apamwamba: Kusintha magwiridwe antchito

Kodi mukuyang'ana kukweza magwiridwe antchito anu ndikusintha momwe mumalowera ndikukonza zinthu zanu? Osayang'ananso! Munkhaniyi, tikuwona mtundu womwe uli pamwamba 7 womwe ukusintha momwe okongoletsera otola amagwira. Kaya mukufunikira kusalala, ukadaulo wofewa, kapena wopanga zinthu, kapena wogwira ntchito yolemetsa, izi zimabweretsa. Werengani kuti mudziwe momwe malo ojambula osangalatsira amatha kuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito komanso kuvuta kwa malo anu osungira.

- Mawu oyambira kujambula zithunzi: Kufunika kothandiza kwa chojambula chilichonse

Kukoka ma slider: kufunikira kogwiritsa ntchito chojambula chilichonse

Ma slide akulu atha kuwoneka ngati yaying'ono ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi gawo labwino kwambiri la mipando, koma amatenga mbali yofunika kwambiri mu magwiridwe antchito komanso kudzipatula kwa makabati, malo owopa, ndi zina zambiri. Popanda ma slider slider, kutsegula ndi kutseka zokoka kumakhala ntchito yosavuta komanso yokhumudwitsa. Zinthu zofunikira izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupeza zomwe zili ngati zojambula bwino komanso zosafunikira.

Wokonzera wotsatsira amapereka njira zingapo zosankha kuchokera ku zomwe zapangidwa kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira ndi zomwe amakonda. Kaya mukuyang'ana masiteni olemera osungira ndalama kapena ma slide ofewa opindika za khitchini, pali wotsatsa chojambula omwe amapereka zofuna zanu.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zapamwamba kwambiri m'makampaniwo ndi blum, kudziwika chifukwa cha zovala zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe zimakhala zolimba, zosalala, komanso zodalirika. Zithunzi zojambula za blum zimaphatikizapo ukadaulo wodziwika bwino monga kufooka, komwe kumatsimikizira kuti kuyandikira mwakachetechete komanso mosadukiza, kupewa kuvuta ndikuchepetsa kuvala ndikuchepetsa nthawi. Ma slide okhala ndi chingwe cholumikizira chimapangidwa kuti azithandizira katundu wolemera ndikupereka magwiridwe antchito okhalitsa.

Mtundu wina wotchuka ndi udzu, womwe umapereka chisankho chojambula chomwe chimadziwika ndi mphamvu zawo komanso kukhazikika. Chovala chomangira udzu ndi chosavuta kukhazikitsa ndikugwira ntchito, ndikuwapangitsa kuti azikonda kwambiri chidwi ndi omwe akuchita ntchito ndi akatswiri opanga ndalama chimodzimodzi. Ndi kapangidwe kawo kambiri ndikupanga ukadaulo wapamwamba, makoswe a udzu amakweza magwiridwe antchito ndi zokopa zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa.

Kuphatikiza pa blum ndi udzu, pali zojambula zina zowoneka bwino monga hetttich, netrituride, 000000> vogt, ndi zina zopindulitsa. Kaya mukupanga chidutswa cha mipando kapena kukonzanso lomwe lidalipo, osasankha chojambula cholakwika chotsatsa ndikofunikira kuti akwaniritse bwino mawonekedwe ndi ntchito.

Pomaliza, zovala zokoka ndi ntchito yothandiza kabati iliyonse, ndikupatsa ntchito yosalala ndi yosadziwika bwino yomwe imawonjezera zomwe wagwiritsa ntchito. Mwa kuthandizirana ndi chojambula chodalirika chotsatsa, mutha kuwonetsetsa kuti zokoka zanu zili ndi zida zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zanu ndikupitilira zomwe mukuyembekezera. Kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito sikunakhalepo kosavuta ndi mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri pamsika.

- kumvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazojambula ndi mapulogalamu awo

Ma slider ojambula amatenga mbali yofunika kwambiri mu magwiridwe antchito ndi luso la zokoka mu zidutswa zosiyanasiyana mipando. Kumvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitseko yomwe imapezeka pamsika kungathandize ogwiritsa ntchito apangire zisankho mwanzeru posankha njira yoyenera yofunikira pazosowa zawo. Munkhaniyi, tiona mitundu yotsegulira 7 yomwe imadziwika bwino ndi kukhazikika kwawo, kusintha momwe zokongoletsera zimagwirira ntchito.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kuziganizira mukasankha zovala zojambula ndi mtundu wa zomwe adzagwiritsidwe ntchito. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma slider slider amapangidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ntchito yopepuka, yapakatikati, yolemetsa, komanso yowonjezera. Ma slider osasunthika nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mipando ya Office, makabati a khitchini, ndi mapulogalamu ena omwe amafunikira thandizo laling'ono. Ma slider ojambula-a sing'anga ndioyenera kwa ovala zovala, ma desiki, ndi zidutswa zina za mipando yomwe imagwira bwino kwambiri. Ma slider ojambula-a ntchito, mbali inayo, ndiyabwino mabotolo amada, mayunitsi osungira, ndi ntchito zina zolemetsa. Ma slide owonjezera olemera owonjezera amapangidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito mafakitale komanso malonda, amapatsa thupi kwambiri komanso kukhazikika.

Kuphatikiza pa kulemera, zithunzi zokoka zimapezekanso m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana, monga ma slider ovala mpira, ogudubuza, komanso amayenda. Malo ovala mpira ali amodzi mwa njira zodziwika kwambiri, kupereka ntchito yosalala komanso chete ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mpira pakati pazinthu ziwiri za slide. Kudzigudubuza, kumbali inayo, gwiritsani ntchito odzigudubuza m'malo mwa mpira kuti akwaniritse kuyenda. Pansi pa masitolo amakhala obisika pansi pa khomo, kupereka mawonekedwe oyera ndi owoneka bwino ndi gawo la mipando.

Pankhani yosankha zovala zojambula, ndikofunikira kusankha otchuka omwe amapereka zinthu zapamwamba kwambiri. Mitundu yokhota 7 yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe ili munkhaniyi imadziwika chifukwa cha mapangidwe awo apadera, ntchito zapamwamba komanso zodalirika. Mitundu iyi imaphatikizapo lungu, blum, neape & Vett, udzu, hettetr, ndi shugandine. Iliyonse mwazinthuzi zimapereka ma slide ambiri ojambula kuti agwirizane ndi mapulogalamu, zomwe amakonda, ndi zofunikira za bajeti.

Concer ndi wopanga zojambula zojambula zatsamba za Premium Blum imadziwika bwino chifukwa cha zovala zam'masamba opangira bwino, kupereka mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso amayang'ana makabati ndi mipando. Knaape & Vogt imakhazikika mu slider otalika, zomwe zikuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zofunikira zomwe zimafunikira kwambiri thupi. Udzu umadziwika chifukwa cha slider slider, kupereka ntchito zodalirika kwa zidutswa zosiyanasiyana mipando. Hettich imapereka malo osiyanasiyana ojambula, kuphatikizapo ma slide ochepa otenthetsedwa, otumphukira, komanso ochulukirapo, osamala ku zokonda zosiyanasiyana za ogwiritsa ntchito. Wallrer ndi mtundu wodalirika wa smoeder otalika, ndikuwonetsa kukhala kosatha komanso mphamvu yamphamvu kwa mafakitale ogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale. Sugasune amadziwika chifukwa cha zojambula zake zokoka ndi mawonekedwe apadera, monga kuphatikiza njira zotsekemera, zomwe zimadzitsekera, komanso zina zambiri.

Pomaliza, kusankha chokongoletsera kumanja kuchokera pa wotchinjiriza wodalirika kumatha kukulitsa magwiridwe antchito ndi magwiridwe antchito mu mipando. Mwa kumvetsetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zovala zomwe zimapezeka pamsika ndikuganizira zomwe ogwiritsa ntchito angasankhe njira yabwino yomwe imakwaniritsa zosowa ndi zomwe amakonda. Zithunzi zisanu ndi zitatu zokongoletsera zomwe zatchulidwa m'nkhaniyi ndizodziwika bwino chifukwa cha mkhalidwe wawo, kukhazikika, komanso zatsopano, kusintha njira yokopera, kumapangitsa njira yopatukiramo. Ponena za kukulitsa magwiridwe antchito, osasankha chojambula choyenera chotsatsa ndichofunikira kuti mukwaniritse zotsatira zabwino.

- Kufanizira mtundu wa zotsekemera 7: mtundu, kukhazikika, ndi magwiridwe antchito

Chovala chojambula ndi gawo lofunikira pagawo lililonse la nduna kapena mipando ya mipando yomwe ili ndi zokolola. Kusankha chojambula choyenera chofunikira kumatsimikizira kuti zokoka zanu sizingogwira ntchito bwino komanso zimakhalabe zolimba komanso zodalirika pakapita nthawi. Munkhaniyi, tidzakhala tikufanizira mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yapamwamba pamsika, kuyang'ana mkhalidwe wawo, kukhazikika, ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito.

Pakafika posankha wotsatsa wazovala, pali zinthu zingapo zofunika kuziganizira. Khalidwe ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri kukumbukira. Chotupa chachikulu kwambiri chimayenera kuthana ndi katundu wolemera osamenya kapena kuwerama. Iyeneranso kuyenda bwino komanso mwakachetechete, popanda kupera kapena kumamatira.

Kukhazikika ndi chinthu china chofunikira kuti muganizire posankha chojambula chojambula. Chokhacho chokhacho chimayenera kuthana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mosalekeza popanda kuvala kapena kuswa. Tiyeneranso kugonjetsedwa ndi kutuweka ndi dzimbiri, onetsetsani kuti zikhala kwa zaka zambiri.

Ntchito mwina ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri la chotupa. Chokhalitsa chojambula kwambiri chiyenera kutseguka ndikutseka mosavuta, ngakhale mutadzaza kwathunthu. Iyeneranso kukhala ndi mawonekedwe otsekemera, omwe amalepheretsa chojambulacho kuti asamatseke ndi kuwononga zomwe zili mkatimo.

Tsopano, tiyeni tiwone mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yapamwamba kwambiri pamsika ndikuwona momwe amagwirizira molingana ndi mtundu, kulimba, ndi magwiridwe antchito.

1. Blum - Blum imadziwika chifukwa chopanga zithunzi zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe zimakhala zolimba komanso zodalirika. Malonda awo a Tandembox amakhala ndi ntchito yosalala komanso yabata, ndikuwapangitsa chisankho chabwino pagawo lililonse la nduna kapena mipando.

2. Udzu - ma slide a udzu amadziwika chifukwa chokhulupirika komanso magwiridwe ake. Ma slide omwe amakhala otsekemera amapangidwa kuti azitha kugwira katundu wolemera ndikuyika kuyenda kosalala, kosatha.

3. Hettich - ma slider a Hettich amadziwika chifukwa cha mtundu wawo wapadera komanso kulimba. Makina awo okwanira quadro v6 owonjezera amapereka ndalama zambiri komanso njira yotseka yolumikizirana.

4. Clubliride - malo otsetsereka a vani amadziwika bwino ndi kukhazikika kwawo. Ma slide ena a 3832 ndi chisankho chotchuka pakati pa opanga makabati chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yosavuta komanso yodalirika.

5. Knaape & VOGT - Knape & Ma slider ojambula a Vogt amadziwika chifukwa cha kapangidwe kazinthu zapamwamba komanso zomanga zapamwamba. Masamba awo a Phiri la Phiri la Phiri limapereka zokongoletsa komanso zamakono, pomwe amaperekanso mayendedwe osalala komanso osalala.

6. Wallrer - slider allrer chojambula adapangidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito molemetsa ndipo amadziwika chifukwa chodalirika komanso kudalirika. Ma slides awo 5400 ndi chisankho chotchuka pakati pa opanga mipando kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito bwino komanso nthawi yayitali.

7. Chizindikiro - komaliza koma osachepera, ojambula ojambula ojambula amadziwika chifukwa cha ukadaulo wawo mwachilungamo komanso kugwira ntchito kwambiri. A Slides awo 3834 ndi chisankho chotchuka pa ntchito zamalonda chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo kwabwino komanso kosalala, padekha.

Pomaliza, posankha chojambula chojambula, ndikofunikira kuganizira mtundu, kulimba, komanso ntchito zomwe amapereka. Zojambula zisanu ndi ziwiri zokoka zomwe zatchulidwa m'nkhaniyi zonse zaposachedwa m'madera awa ndipo zikutsimikizira magwiridwe antchito a nduna iliyonse kapena mipando yomwe amaikidwamo. Kaya ndinu okonda kuchitapo kanthu kapena wopanga katswiri wopanga ndalama, kuwononga zovala zapamwamba ndi lingaliro lomwe simudzanong'oneza bondo.

- Kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito okhala ndi mawonekedwe ndi zinthu zatsopano

Ma slider ojambula amatenga mbali yofunika kwambiri mu magwiridwe antchito ndi luso la zokoka mu zidutswa zosiyanasiyana mipando. Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo ndi chidziwitso pakupanga, mitundu yotsekemera ikupitirirabe kukakamira malire kuti apatse makasitomala ndi mawonekedwe omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe omwe akulimbikitsidwa ndi zosowa zawo. Munkhaniyi, tiona mitundu yokhotakhotayi yomwe ikupangitsa kuti musinthe magwiridwe antchito ndikusintha momwe timalumikizirana ndi mipando yathu.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zotsogola zotsogola pamsika ndi blum. Amadziwika ndi zinthu zomwe amapanga kwambiri komanso mawonekedwe atsopano, blum imapereka ma slide ambiri omwe amapangidwa kuti apititsetse malo osungira ndikusintha kuti agwiritse ntchito. Makina awo a Tandem ndi ma kontonto ndi otchuka makamaka pakati pa ogula, chifukwa amakhala ndi njira zosalala komanso zotseka, komanso kutalika kosinthika ndikukhala ndi mayawo kuti azikhala ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Wosewera wina wotchuka mu makampani ojambula omwe ali ndi vuto la Hettch. Poyang'ana kwambiri komanso kulimba mtima, ma slider a Hettich amapangidwa kuti azitha kupirira kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ndikupereka magwiridwe antchito okhalitsa. Makina awo a quadro ndi amodzi ali okonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapafupi wa zofewa, kuonetsetsa kuti zojambulazi zimayenda bwino komanso mwakachetechete, ngakhalenso kuletsa kusokonekera ndi kuwonongeka kwa mipando.

Kwa iwo omwe akuyang'ana njira zokongoletsera ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi, Suatsne ndi chisankho chapamwamba. Zingwe zawo zonyamula mpira zimapangidwa kuti zisaukiridwe pang'ono komanso kusakamwa, kupereka chithunzithunzi komanso mawonekedwe okongola ang'onoang'ono. Kuphatikiza apo, ma slider a nthochi a Suatsne amapezeka mu malipoti osiyanasiyana ndi kukula, kuwapangitsa kukhala mosiyanasiyana komanso kusinthasintha ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana yopanga.

Ngati mukufunikira ma slider ojambula omwe amatha kuchirikiza zinthu zazikulu komanso zolemera, kuvomerezedwa ndi wogulitsa wodalirika kuti aganizire. Ma slide awo olemera amakhala ndi gawo la mpira wambiri ndikumanga kokhazikika, ndikuwapangitsa kukhala abwino kwa mafakitale ogwiritsa ntchito mafakitale ndi malonda. Zigawo za Allrorirdide zimaperekanso mwayi wonse, kulola kuti pakhale kosavuta kwa zomwe zili patsamba lonse.

Ponena za kusinthasintha ndi kusinthana, udzu ndi chizindikiro chojambula chojambulidwa. Dynapro ndi Nova Clasider adapangidwa ndi makina osokoneza bongo omwe amalola kukhazikitsa kosavuta ndikusintha kuti zitheke kukula ndi masinthidwe osiyanasiyana. Udzu umaperekanso zowonjezera zosiyanasiyana, monga njira zapafupi ndi zofewa komanso njira zotseguka, kuti ziwonjezere magwiridwe antchito awo.

Kwa iwo omwe akufuna kusankhana ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi, malo okhala ndi chotupa chapamwamba chokhazikika cha chilengedwe pazogulitsa zawo. Makina awo ampukutu ndi mpweya amapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zobwezerezedwanso ndikuwonetsa matekinoloje abwinobwino, monga zofewa komanso zodzitchinjiriza. Ma slider a masamba a Salce amapangidwanso kuti akhazikike mosavuta ndikukonza, kuwapangitsa kusankha kotchuka pakati pa ogula zachilengedwe.

Pomaliza, KV ndi mtundu wodalirika wokhazikika womwe umapereka njira zingapo zotsika mtengo komanso zodalirika kwa anthu onse okhala komanso malonda. Zingwe zawo zonyamula mpira zimadziwika chifukwa chomanga kuyenda moyenda bwino komanso zolimba, ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale nthawi yayitali pamtengo wopikisana. Ma slider a KV amapezeka mu kutalika kosiyanasiyana komanso kuthekera kolemetsa, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera kuti apa mipando ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Pomaliza, zolemba zojambulidwa bwino 7 zotchulidwa m'nkhaniyi zikutsogolera njira posintha magwiridwe antchito omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ake atsopano ndi mapangidwe ake. Kaya mukuyang'ana zomangamanga zapamwamba, zokopa zolimbitsa thupi, kuthekera koopsa, kusinthasintha, kapena kuphatikiza kwa zinthu izi, kapena zokonda zanu zonse. Mukamasankha wotsatsa wotsekera, ndikofunikira kuganizira zofunikira za chidutswa chanu chachipatucho ndikusankha mtundu womwe umagwirizana ndi magwiridwe antchito anu ndikupanga zokongoletsa. Ndi zovala zokongoletsera zoyenera, mutha kukulitsa ulalo wonse komanso zokopa za mipando yanu, ndikupanga ntchito za tsiku lililonse kukhala zosavuta komanso zosangalatsa.

- Kusankha chojambula chomangira cholowererako pazosowa zanu

Zikafika pokukweza kapena kukonza makabati anu ndi zokoka, osasankha chojambula choyenera chokhacho ndikofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti zikuyenda bwino. Chovala chojambula ndi gawo lofunikira la chojambula chilichonse, ndikupangitsa kutsegula kosalala ndi kutseka koyenda, komanso kuthandizira zinthu zolemera. Ndi mitundu yambiri yokhotakhota pamsika, imatha kukhala yochulukirapo kuti musankhe zabwino kwambiri pazosowa zanu zenizeni. Munkhaniyi, tifufuza mitundu yazojambula 7 yodziwika yomwe imadziwika kuti ikusintha magwiridwe antchito ndikukuthandizani kuti mupange chisankho chidziwitso mukamasankha wotsatsa wojambula.

1. Blum: Blum ndi mtundu wodziwika bwino wowoneka bwino womwe umafanana ndi mtundu ndi zatsopano. Ma slider awo ojambula adapangidwa kuti apereke mwayi wotseguka komanso kutseka, komanso kungoyerekeza. Blum imapereka ma slider osiyanasiyana kuti agwirizane ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma nduna ndi masitaelo, apange chisankho chodziwika pakati pa opanga nyumba ndi mipando ya mipando chimodzimodzi.

2. Chidziwitso: Chidziwitso ndi mtundu wina wokhotakhota womwe umadziwika kuti upangiri wopangidwa mwaluso womwe umapereka ntchito yosalala komanso chete. Zingwe zojambula zokoka zimapangidwa kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito pogwira ntchito, zimapangitsa kuti akhale ndi chisankho chabwino pakugwiritsa ntchito malonda monga mipando ya Office ndi makabati.

3. Hettich: Hettchi ndi mtundu wotsegulira waku Germany womwe umadziwika kuti ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri komanso njira zothetsera kupanga. Ma slider a Hettich amadziwika chifukwa chokhala ndi zolimba komanso kapangidwe kake, ndikuwapangitsa kusankha kukhala kotchuka pakati pa opanga anzawo kapena opanga ndalama.

4. Udzu: udzu ndi chizindikiro chojambulidwa chodziwika chifukwa cha ukadaulo wake wodula komanso kapangidwe ka zamakono. Ma slide a udzu wopangidwa kuti apereke ntchito zapamwamba komanso magwiridwe antchito, kuwapangitsa kukhala ndi chisankho chabwino kwa khitchini amakono komanso mipando yamakono.

5. Knaape & VOGT: Knape & Vogt ndi mtundu wodalirika wokhazikika womwe umapereka masamba osiyanasiyana kuti agwirizane ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nduna ndi masitaeni. Knaape & Chovala chojambula cha Vogt chimadziwika chifukwa chokwanira komanso kuwongolera bwino, kuwapangitsa kusankha kotchuka pakati pa owaza nyumba ndi makontrakitala.

6. Sugasune: Shugatsne ndi chizindikiro chojambulidwa cha Japan chomwe chimadziwika chifukwa cha zinthu zapamwamba komanso njira zothetsera kupanga. SUGAME KATTER CLARDER imapangidwa kuti ipereke ntchito zapamwamba komanso magwiridwe antchito, ndikuwapangitsa kusankha bwino kwa mipando yamakono ya mipando ndi zomangamanga.

7. King Stone: King Slider ndi mtundu wotsogola wotsogola womwe umadziwika chifukwa cha ma slider opangidwa mwaluso komanso njira zatsopano zopangira. Ma slider ojambula a King Slider adapangidwa kuti apereke ntchito yosalala komanso yolemetsa, ndikuwapangitsa kusankha kotchuka pakati pa opanga mikate ndi opanga.

Pomaliza, kusankha mtundu woyenera wokhazikika ndikofunikira pakusintha kwa kakolole ndikuwonjezera mawonekedwe onse ndikumverera kwa makabati ndi zokoka. Kaya mukuyang'ana kulimba, ntchito yosalala, njira zosinthira zopangira, zokhotakhonda, zotsekera 7 zotchulidwa mu nkhaniyi zikutsimikizika ndi zosowa zanu komanso zomwe mukufuna. Kumbukirani kuganizira mosamala zomwe mukufuna ndi bajeti yanu mukamasankha chojambula chojambulira kuti muwonetsetse kuti ndalama zanu zitheke.

Mapeto

Pomaliza, mitundu yokhotakhotayi 7 yapamwamba yasintha magwiridwe antchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Popereka mapangidwe apatsopano, zida zolimba, komanso kuwongolera bwino, mitundu iyi yasintha momwe timagwiritsira ntchito zokoka zathu. Kaya mukuyang'ana makabati anu akhitchini, zachabechabe, kapena mipando yaofesi, ndalama zokongoletsera zapamwamba kwambiri kuchokera kumodzi mwazinthu zapamwambazi ndikulimbikitsa magwiridwe antchito ndi zidziwitso za malo anu. Chifukwa chake nthawi ina mukakhala pamsika wa zithunzi zokoka, lingalirani imodzi mwazinthu zazikuluzikulu zisanu ndi ziwirizi kuti mutengere kakongoletsedwe kwanu.